History of Tikal

Tikal (tee-KAL) is a ruined Maya city located in the northern Petà ©n province of Guatemala. During the heyday of the Maya Empire, Tikal was a very important and influential city, controlling vast stretches of territory and dominating smaller city-states. Like the rest of the great Maya cities, Tikal fell into decline around 900 A.D. or so and was eventually abandoned. It is currently an important archaeological and tourism site Early History at Tikal Archaeological records near Tikal go back to about 1000 B.C. and by 300 B.C. or so it was already a thriving city. By the Maya early Classic era (roughly 300 A.D.) it was an important urban center, thriving as other nearby cities declined. The Tikal royal lineage traced their roots to Yax Ehb Xook, a powerful early ruler who lived sometime during the Preclassic period. The Peak of Tikals Power At the dawn of the Maya Classic era, Tikal was one of the most important cities in the Maya region. In 378, the ruling Tikal dynasty was replaced by representatives of the mighty northern city of Teotihuacan: it is unclear if the takeover was military or political. Other than a change in the royal family, this does not seem to have altered Tikal’s rise to prominence. Soon Tikal was the dominant city in the region, controlling several other smaller city-states. Warfare was common, and sometime in the late sixth century, Tikal was defeated by Calakmul, Caracol, or a combination of the two, causing a gap in the city’s prominence and historical records. Tikal bounced back, however, once again becoming a great power. Population estimates for Tikal at its peak vary: one estimate is that of respected researcher William Haviland, who in 1965 estimated a population of 11,000 in the city center and 40,000 in the surrounding areas. Tikal Politics and Rule Tikal was ruled by a powerful dynasty which sometimes, but not always, passed power down from father to son. This unnamed family ruled Tikal for generations until 378 A.D. when Great Jaguar Paw, last of the line, was apparently defeated militarily or somehow deposed by Fire is Born, who was most likely from Teotihuacà ¡n, a mighty city located near present-day Mexico City. Fire is Born started a new dynasty with close cultural and trade ties to Teotihuacà ¡n. Tikal continued on its path to greatness under the new rulers, who introduced cultural elements such as pottery design, architecture, and art in the Teotihuacà ¡n style. Tikal aggressively pursued its dominance of the whole southeastern Maya region. The city of Copà ¡n, in present-day Honduras, was founded by Tikal, as was the city of Dos Pilas. War with Calakmul Tikal was an aggressive superpower which frequently scrapped with its neighbors, but its most important conflict was with the city-state of Calakmul, located in the present-day Mexican state of Campeche. Their rivalry began sometime in the sixth century as they vied for vassal states and influence. Calakmul was able to turn some of Tikal’s vassal states against their former ally, most notably Dos Pilas and Quiriguà ¡. In 562 Calakmul and its allies defeated Tikal in battle, beginning a hiatus in Tikal’s power. Until 692 A.D. there would be no carved dates on Tikal monuments and the historical records of this time are scant. In 695, Jasaw K’awiil I defeated Calakmul, helping propel Tikal back to its former glory. The Decline of Tikal The Maya civilization began to crumble around 700 A.D. and by 900 A.D. or so it was a shadow of its former self. Teotihuacà ¡n, once such a powerful influence on Maya politics, itself fell into ruin about 700 and was no longer a factor in Maya life, although its cultural influences in art and architecture remained. Historians disagree on why the Maya civilization collapsed: it may have been due to famine, disease, warfare, climate change or any combination of those factors. Tikal, too, declined: the last recorded date on a Tikal monument is 869 A.D. and historians think that by 950 A.D. the city was essentially abandoned. Rediscovery and Restoration Tikal was never completely lost: locals always knew of the city throughout the colonial and republican eras. Travelers occasionally visited, such as John Lloyd Stephens in the 1840s, but Tikals remoteness (getting there entailed several days trek through steamy jungles) kept most visitors away. The first archaeological teams arrived in the 1880s, but it wasnt until an airstrip was built in the early 1950s that archaeology and study of the site began in earnest. In 1955, the University of Pennsylvania began a long project at Tikal: they remained until 1969 when the Guatemalan government began research there. Tikal Today Decades of archaeological work have uncovered most of the major buildings, although a good portion of the original city is still awaiting excavation. There are many pyramids, temples, and palaces for exploring. Highlights include the Plaza of Seven Temples, the Palace at the Central Acropolis and the Lost World complex. If youre visiting the historical site, a guide is highly recommended, as youre certain to miss interesting details if youre not looking for them. Guides can also translate glyphs, explain the history, take you to the most interesting buildings and more. Tikal is one of Guatemalas most important tourism sites, enjoyed annually by thousands of visitors from all over the world. Tikal National Park, which included the archaeological complex and the surrounding rainforest, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Although the ruins themselves are fascinating, the natural beauty of Tikal National Park merits a mention as well. The rainforests around Tikal are beautiful and home to many birds and animals, including parrots, toucans, and monkeys. Sources McKillop, Heather. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. Reprint edition, W. W. Norton Company, July 17, 2006.

Post Partum Depression Essay - 901 Words

Post Partum Depression Unlike the baby blues which affects 70% to 80% of new mothers and does not require prompt medical attention due to its mild nature. Major Post Partum Depression attacks 10% of new mothers and is entirely a beast of a different nature, one that must be reckoned with. The most recent Post Partum case that has rightfully caused a media frenzy is the Andrea Yates case. Yates was the mother of five young children. This past summer Yates held each of her children in a bath tub full of water until their death. Yates had PPD. Post Partum depression causes a new mother to become depressed to a severe extent. PPD causes its patients to fall to an uncomfortable mental state. PPD patients feel discouraged, hostile,†¦show more content†¦She attempted suicide twice. She waged a losing struggle with depression that began after the birth of her first child, Noah, in 1994. Her doctors documented periods when she heard voices, had visions and became so unhinged mentally that they diagnosed her as psychotic. But was she insane the morning of June 20 when she killed her children, one by one? Her lawyers say she is not guilty by reason of insanity. Prosecutors have charged her with murder and are seeking the death penalty. . A jury will decide whether Yates is mentally competent to stand trial -- that is, whether she understands the proceedings against her and is able to assist the lawyers preparing her defense. If the jury finds her incompetent, the trial will be postponed until she recovers. If the jury concludes Yates is competent, she will go to trial. The odds are against her. An insanity defense is extraordinarily difficult to prove. It is rarely used in court and even more rarely succeeds. In this case, prosecutors contend Yates not only was sane when she drowned her children but also is competent to stand trial. She has been treated by two psychiatrists and prescribed medication during her 3 months in jail. People who know her say she has improved. Insanity and competency are different legal terms that apply to different time frames -- the time a crime was committed vs. now. At the hearing, the defense lawyers plan to call at least two expertShow MoreRelatedPost Partum Depression ( Ppd )2298 Words   |  10 PagesPost-Partum Depression (PPD) is the last thing on most mother’s minds during pregnancy and labor. However, for a number women after childbirth, the joy that is expected doesn’t arrive. The joy isn’t there when they bring the baby home, and it continues to evade them well into taking care of the baby. So what happens during such an emotional and delicate time in life? This paper will attempt to delve into the intricacies of PPD and its effects on the mother and the family unit. Symptoms, risk factorsRead MorePost Partum Depression Essay999 Words   |  4 Pagesheadache. (Andrea Yates) Women are given time off work and are instructed to do minimal physical activities, they do this in the US so that the woman’s body may recover. Recovery takes a long time and there is an 80% chance that post pregnant woman will become diagnosed with depression, which is when a person feels sad or down for a long period of time. But are these women getting all the help they need to recover psychologically from such changes? A woman can feel extremely overwhelmed with a newbornRead MorePostpartum Depression : Post Partum Depression1599 Words   |  7 Pageswhat could cause a mother to murder her own children. Two words became a significant part of her legal team’s defense: â€Å"postpartum depression† (Cohen). A public dialogue was opened and the issue of postpartum depression saw a significant shift in awareness. This new era of enlightenment would be considerably different from the earlier history of post-partum depression and some of the shame that surrounded it. Beyond Andrea Yates, other women have increased the prominence of the mental disorder inRead MorePost Partum Depression : A Depression That Occurs After Childbirth1406 Words   |  6 PagesSimply defined Post partum depression is a depression that occurs after childbirth. Post-partum depression or PPD can be experienced by not only the new mother but the partner and new born as well. However given the high rate in which it affects the partner, the availability of resources that can be used to resolve PPD is very low. There is also a substantial lack of knowledge about PPD and its effects of the new father; this lack of information often leads to negative stigmas and judgment. AlthoughRead MoreEfficacy Of The Intervention : Post Partum Depression1522 Words   |  7 PagesEfficacy of the intervention Post partum depression can begin two weeks to couple months after delivery for a woman. It is also referred to as â€Å"the baby blues,† a feeling of stress, sadness, anxiety, loneness, and tiredness following the child’s birth (American Psychological Association [APA], 2016). As critical as it could be for the mother, post partum depression has long term consequences on the development of the child. It does not only impact the mother in providing care for the newborn, itRead MoreHome Based Interventions For Post Partum Depression2004 Words   |  9 PagesAssignment 3: Home based interventions for post partum depression Our citation for the systematic review is APA . The researchers in this review are looking at home based interventions for post partum depression because of the numerous in home programs that are now established for mothers for prenatal care or before they give birth (Leis, Mendelson, Tandon, Perry, 2009). Post partum depression is a form of depression new mothers can be affected by after giving birth; this makes them less likelyRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper: A Look Into Post-Partum Depression1061 Words   |  5 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman’s story, The Yellow Wallpaper, portrays the life and mind of a woman suffering from post-partum depression in the late eighteenth century. Gilman uses setting to strengthen the impact of her story by allowing the distant country mansion symbolize the loneliness of her narrator, Jane. Gilman also uses flat characters to enhance the depth of Jane’s thoughts; however, Gilman’s use of narrative technique impacts her story the most. In The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins GilmanRead MoreThe Effect Of A Home Based Exercise Intervention On Postnatal Depression And Fatigue1650 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this paper is present a synopsis of the article titled, The Effect of a Home-Based Exercise Intervention on Postnatal Depression and Fatigue: A Randomized Control Trial. This synopsis addresses the following items: purpose or objective, background, primary independent and dependent variables, main findings of the literature review, methods, statistical tests used and rationale for each, primary outcomes, results or findings, conclusions, and evidence rating using the SORT and GRADERead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman885 Words   |  4 Pagesstruggle with what was most likely post-partum depression. As the story progresses, one can see that she is not receiving proper treatment for her depression and thus it is getting worse. Gilman uses the wallpaper and what she sees in it to symbolize her desire to escape her depression and the controlling nature of the patriarchal society of the twentieth century. The story shows an inside look into the thoughts and feelings of a person with a mental illness such as depression. Gilman also uses symbolismRead MoreHealth Promotion Strategies Used By Nurses As Guidance For Assessment And Alleviation Of Risk Factor For Diseases Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pagescare makes the women more vulnerable to depression(Fahey Shenessa,2013) .The maternal health nurses provides effective strategies to cope with depression with the goal of achieving optimal health . Nurses help women through teaching how to effectively mobilize social support, gaining self-efficacy, positive coping skills and setting realistic goals and expectation to treat depression during post-partum (Kuosemanen Kumpuniemi,2010). As we know that depression leads to all other complications such

Military Strategic Interest as an Imporatant Factor in...

The most important factor in America imperialisms from 1865 to 1914 was military-strategic interest. This is the most important factor because during this time period the United States acquired the Pacific islands of Midway, which served as an important stopping place for American ships e route to China, and American merchants. Also American gained territories after the Spanish-American war. Another thing was the creation of the Panama Canal which helped America. The final thing is the foreign policies of Taft, Roosevelt, and Wilson. Americans wanted to build a thriving trading empire since the mid-1800s. They started this empire when the Secretary of State Wilson H. Seward gained control of some islands in the Pacific region. They were†¦show more content†¦After an American ship was bombed by the Spanish soldiers killing 260 officers this fueled the Spanish-American War. The war lasted for a long time but on December 10, 1898 United States and Spain signed the Treaty of Par is ending the war. Also Cuba became American protectorate and Puerto Rico and Guam became territories of the United States. Another thing that happen was Spain surrendered the Philippines in exchange for 20 million dollars. The American empire was becoming bigger and more powerful. Roosevelt was a strong believer in preserving America from falling apart. In the 1900s he was concerned about the Caribbean region and that Europeans would interfere. He added an addition the Monroe Doctrine called Roosevelt Corollary. The used this to stop any Europeans from interfering with Latin America countries. This policy became handy when the United States to control of the Dominican Republic’s finances due to a revolution that destroyed the country’s government system. They also used this policy in Cuba when troops were sent to stop the revolution there. Taft had his policy called the dollar diplomacy. American trade and profits grew due to the investments in roads, railroads, and harbors. Woodrow Wilson avoided imperialisms and focused of promoting democracy in other lands. He wanted to base his believes of foreign policy on moral principles. In conclusion, the most important

The Effects of Tobacco Essay example - 911 Words

After many years of research it has been proven that cigarette smoking is the major cause of death globally. According to Surgeon General Smoking represents the most extensibly documented cause of disease, ever investigated in the history of biomedical research. The relation between smoking and human disease cannot be directly tested. It is morally and ethically incorrect. Therefore, other research has been developed to establish a very high degree of scientific probability. The criteria used to research the health diseases of smoking are as follows: consistency of association, the information found is replicated under different circumstances, conditions, and settings. This helps eliminate confounding factors. Strength of association,†¦show more content†¦In 1993, in Australia, cancers represented 26.9% of the deaths in that year; about one third of those deaths can be directly attributed to smoking caused cancers. Recent research has also showed that the danger of prolonged cigarette smoking is greater than it was thought originally. It has now been proven that if someone begins smoking as a teenager, and does not quit, by the time they are in their middle to old ages, half of their body will be killed by tobacco. This rate is proven likely to occur between 45 and 64 years of age. Smokers between those ages are three times more likely to die prematurely compared to lifelong non-smokers. In the group of smokers from 65 to 84, smokers are twice m ore likely to die prematurely compared to life long non-smokers of the same age. According to surgeon general, tobacco represents the major cause of death world wide. Recent estimates have shown that tobacco was responsible for 1.7 million deaths in developed countries in 1985, and a projected 2.1 million deaths in 1995. This means that for the decade of the 90’s 21 million deaths were caused in large developed countries. More than half of these deaths represent population between 35 and 69 years of age. In the smaller, less developed countries it is not certain what the annual mortality rate for tobacco is, but the tobacco smokingShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Tobacco On The World851 Words   |  4 Pages As a nation, the United States of America has recently declared a war against the tobacco industry. There are now graphic commercials and advertisements suggesting the negative effects of tobacco cigarette use. However, according to the World Health Organization there remain over one billion tobacco smokers in the world (Rom, Corelli, Valacchi Reznick, 2015). Tobacco use has been associated with and linked to six leading causes of death in the world which include Ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascularRead MoreEffects of Tobacco Use1283 Words   |  5 PagesTobacco use harms everything. Numerous factors of tobacco use play into the destruction of a human health and body. Sadly, 19 percent of all adults in the United States use tobacco on a daily basis. Countless numbers of people currently in use of tobacco products attempt to quit their use of tobacco, but many fall short of their goal due to the addictive nicotine within cigarettes. This nonstop use of tobacco has been the result of more than 440,000 deaths per year of smokers with an estimated 49Read MoreTobacco and Its Harmful Effects1685 Words   |  7 Pagesare involved in the tobacco. Various life-threaten disease, such as Cancer come from smoking. The government has implemented a wide range of ways to stop people from smoking these senseless chemicals to live a smoke-fr ee life. Literature Review Tobacco crops are the most important grown crops by American farmers. (Tobacco, 2013) These crops are the most valuable to American society because they are sold as cigarettes, chewing tobacco and snuff (sniffed through the nose). Tobacco started in the middleRead MoreThe Effects of Tobacco Consumption1022 Words   |  4 Pagesregarding tobacco consumption and the effect that it has on first hand smokers and on the world as a whole. While millions of people from around the world are smokers and while the masses are generally familiar with the effects that tobacco has on society, people continue to accept smoking as one of the principal vices that society has to deal with. It is certainly worrying that people are presented with the harmful effects of smoking at a young age and that many come to ignore these effects later inRead MoreThe Effects Of Tobacco On The Society1453 Words   |  6 PagesTobacco companies make nearly $1 million every hour a day or $24 million a day. Tobacco ha s been around for centuries, as far back as the american indians. Tobacco was one of the first crops grown for money. The amount of pollution and harm the tobacco and cigarette companies cause every year is alarming. Tobacco is hurting the country through pollution, cancer causing chemicals, and debris of tobacco products. â€Å"The cigarette is the deadliest artefact in the history of human civilisation† (Proctor)Read MoreThe Negative Effects of Tobacco1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe Negative Effects of Tobacco The nicotine can be consumed by chewing tobacco apart from smoking and sniffing .The article provides insight into the hazards of chewing tobacco . If you believe that only smoking is injurious, certainly not. Any form of nicotine consumption is injurious. Tobacco is bad for health, no matter in what form you take it the ill effects are always there. Tobacco are leaves of plant that are used in dried form, they are high in nicotine and consequently addictive in natureRead MoreTobacco And Its Effect On America987 Words   |  4 PagesA cigarettes main ingredient is tobacco. Tobacco was found in Mayan Indian’s carvings showing tobacco use. The drawings were found somewhere between 600 to 900 A.D. Tobacco was smoked out of pipes or rolled up into leaves. â€Å"Two main types of tobacco are involved in early history. The tobacco used by North American natives that the English first smoked was a somewhat dreadful variety nicknamed â€Å"shoestring† by colonists. Tobacco i s a very adaptable plant that can be grown anywhere and morphs into somethingRead MoreTobacco Smoking And Its Effects1089 Words   |  5 Pages Tobacco [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Tobacco Introduction Tobacco smoking is the major preventable cause of illness and mortality in developed countries. Tobacco smoke is a combination of approximately 4,000 toxic chemicals and at least 42 components are associated with cancer. Tobacco Smoking is responsible for 30% of cancer deaths and 90% of deaths from lung cancer (Arnold, 2001). The other cancers related to cigarette use are mouth cancer, larynx, pharynx, esophagusRead MoreTobacco Substance And Its Effects893 Words   |  4 Pagesoil like liquid that is colorless or yellowish, it is the active component of tobacco. This chemical acts as a stimulant when given in a small portion, but in larger amounts blocks the activity of autonomic and skeletal muscle cells. Nicotine has stimulant and calming effects. Tobacco substance is also a legal product that is used remarkable by a number of people. Nicotine is a chemical that is produced inside of a tobacco leaf, it is also known as Nicotiana Tabacum, which was native to South AmericaRead MoreThe Effects Of Waterpipe Tobacco1197 Words   |  5 Pagesyears, and their harm perception and intention to quit. There are not much studies which have tried to assess the socio-demographic and tobacco related co-variates with HWL exposure. One study evaluated the current health warning labelling practices on waterpipe tobacco products and related accessories and found very few noticeable health warning labels on tobacco packages (Nakkash et al, 2010). In our study, compared to those not exposed, smokers exposed often/very often had higher odds of being

Issues of grandparents raising grandchildren free essay sample

This paper explores research regarding the impacts on grandparents and grandchildren when the grandparent assumes the parental role because of some type of parental fall through. The articles find that the financial aspect of raising grandchildren in your later years is quite costly as well is the negative health problems the stress of the situation can cause. This paper mainly looks at Baldocks (2007) research on the affects of every aspect of the new situation on the grandparents and grandchildren. Baldock (2007) and the other research used for this paper all suggest that there are multiple struggles that the grandparents will endure when raising their grandchildren. Issues of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren The clichà © life of a grandparent is usually thought of as taking the grandchildren to the zoo, baking cookies, and making crafts. Grandparents are also around to share their wisdom and experiences with the younger generation, however in todays society the amount of grandparents having to take in their grandchildren due to an issue in the biological parents lives has been on the increase for years (Baldock, 2007, p. 70). This change of role for the grandparents can have various affects on not only the grandparents but the grandchildren as well. There are many reasons as to why grandparents come into the situation where they need to take their grandchildren into their care such as teenage pregnancy, parental abuse, and parental drug and alcohol abuse. No matter how the grandparents come into obtaining their grandchildren each family have their own types of struggles they will have to deal with. Both the grandparents and grandchildren can go through multiple financial, health, and behavioral issues that can either bring the family out on top or hurt them, but many are choosing to overcome the difficulties and persevere through them. Literature Review There are many troubles in todays society with drugs, alcohol, and violence, all which are just a few of the reasons that many parents become unable to properly care for their children. These and many other circumstances are which have led to â€Å"approximately 2.4 million grandparents [being] responsible for raising their grandchildren, many in households without the parents present.† (Poehlmann et al., 2008, 165) The decision to undertake the responsibility of raising your grandchildren is a big one to make, however many times there is no decision to make because the children would end up in the foster care system if it werent for the grandparents. In a study completed in Australia about grandparent run homes, â€Å"of the 31,000 children living with their grandparents, 28,700 childrens biological parents lived elsewhere.† (Baldock, 2007, p. 71) This can make the strain of raising your grandchild even more difficult because of the emotional and financial burdens it may cause. Health Quality of Custodial Grandparents There have been various studies in which they have found that grandparents who take care of their grandchildren have mental and physical aspects of themselves that are in a disarray (Neely-Barnes, Graft, Washington, 2010, p. 87). The role of being a custodial grandparent is difficult not only because it is a new situation which they need to adjust to, but it can also cause physical and mental problems. The situation cause a lot of new emotions and stressors that â€Å"numerous studies have documented elevated rates of depression, parenting stress, health problem, and economic hardship among custodial grandparents.† (Poehlmann et al., 2008, p. 168) Many grandparents are well in their sixtys and so â€Å"when the children arrive, grandparents are unlikely to be prepared for the dramatic and often sudden changes caused by unplanned parenthood.† (Baldock, 2007, p. 73) The grandparents generally see an increase in health related problems because they are put into a situation where they need to focus on the care of their grandchildren which leads to the grandparents health and well-being coming second and in which â€Å"custodial grandparents report worse self-assessed health than noncaregiving grandparents, particularly in the areas of physical functioning, bodily pain, role functioning, social functioning, and general health perception.† (Neely-Barnes et al., 2010, p. 88) Not only are the grandparents not being able to properly maintain their own health, but â€Å"among custodial grandparents, higher levels of depression have been found among unmarried grandparents who were not working.† (p. 88) This new parenting role that the grandparents are put into also effects their social life; â€Å"in one study, half of custodial grandparents reported that they felt isolated from friends in their age group due to their caregiving responsibilities.† (p. 88) Grandparents usually feel worn out by the amount of extra responsibilities they have come to take on which can make them feel worried when they think about having many more years of having to take care of their grandchildren. This type of constant worrying and stress can become quite a negative thing both for the grandparent and grandchild because â€Å"grandparents who are stressed are more likely to become depressed.† (Baldock, 2007, p. 73) Financials When grandparents are put into the situation of bringing their grandchildren into their care, one of the most difficult issues they have to deal with is the financial aspect of raising the children. The financial aspect of raising the grandchildren can be so hard to handle because many of the grandparents are older and even retired which means limited income. â€Å"In around one third of grandparent families (34%), one of both grandparents were employed, while 62% received a government pension, allowance or other benefit as their primary income.† (Baldock, 2007, p. 71) Children are expensive to raise because of the extra clothing, food, and home resources that are used. The grandparents are used to and comfortable with their current lifestyle and then when the unexpected young grandchildren are brought into the picture this can make the once sufficient income turn into financial instability. Grandparents going through legal proceedings can also be another reason finances are put into a bind when the need to take in your grandchildren is needed because â€Å"grandparents are commonly ineligible for legal aid and consequently face disadvantage in proceedings† (Baldock, 2007, p. 72). One way that is used to try to gain some type of extra income for the grandchildren is by â€Å"formalising their parenting role through legal proceedings [which] can be the only way grandparents are able to access financial support.† (p. 72) The cost of providing for their grandchildren and all of the court related procedures needed to be done becomes such a burden that â€Å"some grandparents have mortgaged their homes to undertake legal proceedings.† (p. 72) Impacts on the Family The result of custodial grandparents not only effects just the grandparents and grandchildren, but the whole family. The strain of raising grandchildren can be felt in the children of the grandparents â€Å"some felt resentful that their parents energy was going into raising their grandchildren and their own children missed out on a relationship with their grandparents.† (Baldock, 2007, p. 72) In many families the reason that the grandparents need to raise their grandchildren is due to some type of addiction from the birth parents. This drug use can cause emotional and social problems in the grandparents and grandchildren which can make the â€Å"grandparentsfeel blamed or express a sense of responsibility for their own childrens drug use.†(p. 73) Grandparents often feel as though there was something they could have done to prevent their childrens drug abuse which in turn would have prevented the need for them to raise their grandchildren. This feeling of â€Å"blame and shame exacerbate social isolation and increase psychological anxiety experienced by grandparents and their grandchildren.† (p. 73) The effects on the grandchildren of not having their parent or parents around is difficult to for them to cope with because â€Å"children separated from their parents because of alcohol and other drugs frequently face psychological, emotional and sometimes physical problems.† (Baldock, 2007, p. 71) According to Day and Bazemore (2011: children living without their biological parents typically present with high rates of psychological problems. Yet, by comparison, adolescents living with grandparent caregivers have the lowest levels of both internalizing problems (i.e. depressive symptoms, negative outlook, low self-esteem), and externalizing problems (i.e. nonviolent delinquency, general violent tendencies, and substance abuse.† (p. 103) Position I have first hand experience in the struggles and issues that can arise from a grandparent having to put their lives on hold and take in their grandchildren in order to provide them a loving and stable home. My parents are currently in the process of adopting my two nephews whom they, as well as myself, have taken care of since they were born. My sister is in a rehabilitation program in Northern New Jersey for addiction to pills, cocaine, and heroin and has been in and out of trouble since her early teens. Growing up the way I did because of the situations and conditions that my sister made my family endure has shown me just how difficult and numerous the issues are when raising your grandchildren. My mother is sixty years old and my father is sixty-two, both having some health problems. Health problems associated with age can have a significant affect on how the grandparents are going to be able to act in their new role as caregivers because many grandparents are older and their health is declining. Taking care of a six and a nine year old can be mentally and physically exhausting. My nephews have many psychological issues because their mother is gone and father is hardly around, these emotional troubles of my nephews also effect me and parents too. My nephews have ADHD and are quite sensitive which makes it even more difficult to calm them down if they are feeling upset or angry because they are missing their mother. I find the emotional impact it has on the children and family to be the greatest because of my experience in knowing how difficult is to cope with the entire situation. The financial responsibility for taking grandchildren in can be quite detrimental to the grandparents because many are retired or only working part-time in order to make a little extra money. My father is retired which has made the raising of two new children quite difficult before they received any assistance from the state. While most families receive financial assistance through state and federal aid, there may be certain circumstances in which a family has to come up with the money themselves. Grandparents know how expensive children are because of their past experience in raising their own children, however times have changed and the cost of raising children has significantly increased. This financial burden put onto the grandparents is not a choice they make, but rather something they just have to endure because there is no other option for the grandchildren. Afterthoughts It is obvious that grandparents who have to bring their grandchildren into their home and raise them because of varying circumstances will inevitably face numerous amount of hardships and issues. The grandparents being older makes the task of raising their grandchildren difficult, along with the cost involved in raising them and the legal proceedings that are done in order to protect the children. While the hardships of custodial grandparents is plenty, many â€Å"who have attended support groups say that it has made a positive difference in their lives† (Baldock, 2007, p.73), which can help them to cope with the new situations they are being placed in. Even though raising grandchildren comes with multiple and varying issues that make it difficult to do, â€Å"grandparents who are raising their grandchildren consistently report that the experience adds joy and meaning to their lives and provides them with companionship and a purposeful social and familial role.† (Kropf Burnette, 2003, p. 363)

Australian Health Policy And Cultural †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Australian Health Policy And Cultural. Answer: Australia is recognized to be one of the most culturally diverse nations in the world. The diversity is signified by many communities who practice different cultural activities, religious, social and political interactions as well. The difference makes Australia unique as a representative society that attracts many, but it also brings along challenges. In such like a diverse community, provision of quality health services is one of the challenges that face it. The struggle to give the population appropriate medical care is usually not as easy and requires a new and advanced approach to have a positive impact. Willis, (Germov, 2014, p 7-8) presents a template of sociological imagination, discuss the evolutions that the health care sector has undergone to provide quality services to the Australian culture. Use the sociological imagination (SI) template to reflect on your feelings, thoughts and behaviors in response to knowledge, experiences and observations in relation Healthcare happens to be one of the most crucial sectors of food and security, as nobody can survive without it. My prior experience with the issue is entirely different from all the things I am learning. I always thought that Australia has strategies that ensure for the fair and equal distribution of health in all the hospitals (Broom, Germov, 2014). I, however, observed that due to diversity, there are discriminations based on age, gender, religion and cultural belonging. I discovered the extents of discrimination regarding the way nurses and doctors treat people in both public and private hospitals. In government hospitals, there is a rather cold and bitter attitude from the health professionals (AIHW, 2016). I could not help but ask one of the nurses who told me that they get a less pay as compared to their duties and therefore feel demotivated. They also feel that the large numbers flocking into the hospitals all have different traits with some of them being disrespectful and s tubborn (Charles Sturt University,2012). I saw a pregnant woman being pushed around and getting abuses from the nurses due to the way she was screaming out of pain. The private sector is on the different side of the coin as patients received personalized treatments by the medical personnel (Henry, Houston, Mooney, 2004). I just observed the kind of people around that hospital and concluded that economic standards determine the way health services are administered to different individuals. The doctors and nurses seemed happy and fulfilled to serve the public as they are paid well and also given the best employee consideration. Next, Identify and cite one of the readings, articles or videos from eModules and discuss how this resource helps you to expand and deepen your original reflections on this topic Considering my prior observations and experiences in the Australian health sectors, the class materials emphasized on the same. Most of the lectures, articles, and videos gave of the course are clear and precise about the issue of diversity in the health sector and the impacts it has on the expected outcomes. My research on site revolved around the inequality experienced in the hospitals due to the factors of socioeconomic belonging. The Youtube video, Community Services and Health (2009) expresses the concerns of money when it comes to health care. It is clear that people of a higher living standard receive better services than their friends from the low-income backgrounds. It has become a concern that those with the ability to pay for better services in the Australian society are the only ones who get quality services. I saw the situation on the ground, and it is true that only expensive healthcare organizations treat their clients with respect (RACGP, 2012). Money motivates people into conducting their activities with the most consideration they know that the reward is worth it. The video shows statistics of the mortality rate of the Australian population as per their location. The indigenous Australian people are more likely to lose their lives due to inadequate health care services as compared to the lives of urban and high-class individuals. Although I had the prior knowledge, the video advanced my thinking and helped me understand that diversity has many negative impacts (Queensland Health, 2016). Although the nation is trying to enable equality in the systems, I would say that there are so many things that hinder this dream. No one is going to work well as they get a less pay and the institutions will differ depending on the investors. The government should, therefore, invest in increasing the salaries of their medical professionals and also improve the situations of public hospitals. Health care services should be made available to the population in an equal measure and ensure that even the rural areas are well covered. Continue reflective writing using the SI template to answer the original question you identified in Step 1, using Germov (2104) and a minimum of at least six other academic sources (e.g. journal articles, research reports from the HLSC120 e Modules) to support your answer. Locate these academic sources through your own information search. Analyse how these resources helped you to expand and deepen your original reflections on this topic. (1000 words) The current number of Australias population is around 23 million people who reside in different regions of the nation. They are all differentiated by their cultures, religions, social status and political disparities. According to research, Australian is the most culturally and linguistically diverse country around the world. The diversity is brought about by the excessive immigration experienced in the country as there are many people born overseas but living as registered citizens in Australia. Due to a different background, these people all have a different view of life and the way they conduct their day to day activities. Healthcare also goes hand in hand with diversity, and there are therefore many issues that come with providing quality medical cover to the vast population (Muslims Australia, 2010). It is usually a great challenge providing health care services to a diverse population since every group has a different view according to their cultural and religious beliefs. Health as a sector in the Australian society usually depends on taxpayers money to develop and advance on a daily basis. That means most of the medical organizations are public as they have to reach out to the millions of people around the nation. The civil servants feel the pinch as they pay taxes to the government which in turn are used to develop the health sector. Public hospitals and dispensaries are usually paid for by the administration, and the patients might only pay for a small fee of registration (University of Notre Dame Australia, 2009). That makes people around flock in large numbers especially in regions of the low-income group as they do not want to spend more on their health bills. The private sector also contributes much to the area of health as there are many non-governmental organizations that invest in the field. They try to provide quality healthcare and highly compete with the public sector. The public hospitals are definitely in poor conditions at times because of the numbers they serve on a daily basis. Private institutions, on the other hand, maintain the highest quality and hygiene which attracts clients. However, there are some restricting factors of cost which limit a significant portion of the population from accessing healthcare in private institutions. There is, therefore, a great rift between the wealthy and low-income earners in the Australian health care provision (Hendricks, Cope, 2013). Some people are well catered for when it comes to quality as they have money, while others can only dwell on the public services. Health care was considered a luxury in the early 20th Century and hospitals were only for the private owners. People were largely dependent on traditional medicine as it was the only accessible and affordable form of treatment. However, that changed later on when traditional medicine started getting scarce, and now the public was in need of an improved and advanced form of health care. Government institutions were then started, and thought they were not well equipped; the population felt relieved. However, the emergence of the private sector, later on, showed how much diverse the population was regarding their living standards (Newall, Scuffham, 2008). There was a notable difference between services at public and private hospitals and although there are similar diagnosis and treatments, the way each institution handles their daily activities. The Australian society does all the possible actions to ensure that the entire population is well catered for regarding their health. In as much as the whole population cannot get equal health services due to issues of income and social status, there are well laid out strategies. Public hospitals and dispensaries provide free or cheap services to the population, and that attracts mostly the low and middle-income earners (NACCHO, 2016). It is clear that these institutions host a significant portion meaning that there is a large number of people who cannot afford to spend much on their health needs. The government tries all the best to make sure that medical care is available to all individuals across the nation. They have developed hospitals in the rural areas to reduce the problem that people in the upcountry face in the search for health care. They have also taken a step to employ more health personnels in their hospitals to improve delivery. The private organizations have also inve sted heavily in health and constructed institutions that cater to the needs of the people. The industry is, however, more advanced regarding infrastructure and that results in higher bills on the side of the patient. It is therefore obvious that only a certain percentage of the population can afford to access private medical care. The low-income earners are usually left behind regarding the quality of services that they receive when they visit the hospitals. Only a few public hospitals provide surgery and operation services which everyone regardless of their social status might need at times. I had to look into a case study of an indigenous woman who had breast mouth cancer and could not get the proper medical attention as those services were not available at the local dispensary. She finally lost her life trying to get medical help, and the same case would have been different for a wealthy individual. Finally, explain how answering this question has helped you to achieve one of the four ACU Graduate attributes aligned with HLSC120 by reflecting and critically analysing your thoughts and feelings about the original question based on your research. (250 words) The course attribute 1 was of great importance in the learning of the unit and research that involved looking for all the relevant information. The attribute states, demonstrating the dignity and diversity of all individual,' which is a great concern in Australia. The variety in the population impacts negatively on the health care provision, and therefore the government should try all their best to deliver in the sector of health. I feel that if the public and private institutions were similar regarding delivery and quality of service, then it would reduce the disparities that come with social standards in the health sector (Productivity Commission, 2015). In as much as Australias health is concerned, then diversity should not be allowed to make people differ in their quality of life but rather connect the population. References AIHW [1]. (2016). Socio-economic disadvantage and health. Retrieved from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/socio-economic-disadvantage-and-health/ Broom, A., Germov, J. (2014). Global public health. Charles Sturt University. (2012). Working with Indigenous Australian Staff. Retrieved from: https://www.csu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/851415/Working-with-Indigenous-Australian-Staff.pdf Community Services and Health. (2009). Policy Reform in Nursing Pushing for Change [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6Em8to5NHc Hendricks, J. M., Cope, V. C. (2013). Generational diversity: what nurse managers need to know. Journal of advanced nursing, 69(3), 717-725. Henry, B. R., Houston, S., Mooney, G. H. (2004). Institutional racism in Australian healthcare: a plea for decency. Medical Journal of Australia, 180(10), 517. NACCHO. (2016). Major developments in national Aboriginal health policy since 1967. Retrieved from: https://www.naccho.org.au/about/aboriginal-health/history/ Muslims Australia. (2010). Caring for Muslim Patients. Retrieved from: https://www.icv.org.au/icvdocs/caringformuslimpatients.pdf Newall, A. T., Scuffham, P. A. (2008). Influenza-related disease: the cost to the Australian healthcare system. Vaccine, 26(52), 6818-6823. Productivity Commission. (2015). Improving Australias health system: what we can do now. Retrieved from: https://www.pc.gov.au/news-media/pc-news/pc-news-may-2015/improving-australia-health-system Queensland Health. (2016). Interpreting and translating. Retrieved from: https://www.health.qld.gov.au/multicultural/interpreters/interprtng_trnsltng.asp RACGP. (2012). The Aboriginal Medical Service Redfern. Retrieved from: https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/june/the-aboriginal-medical-service-redfern/ University of Notre Dame Australia (2009) Diversity in the context of multicultural Australia: Implications for nursing practice. Retrieved from: https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000context=nursing_chapters